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| 1801 |
| | | Napoleon mends France's fences with Roman Catholicism by agreeing a Concordat with Pope Pius VII | |
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| 1809 |
| | | Napoleon annexes the Papal States and is excommunicated by the pope, Pius VII | |
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| 1848 |
| | | The prime minister of the papal states, Pellegrino Rossi, is assassinated in Rome | |
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| 1848 |
| | | An uprising in Rome causes Pope Pius IX to flee for safety to a coastal fortress at Gaeta | |
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| 1849 |
| | | Pope Pius IX returns to Rome under the protection of French troops, with his enthusiasm for any form of change much reduced. | |
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| 1854 |
| | | Pope Pius IX issues a papal bull declaring that the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary is to be an article of faith for Catholics | |
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| 1857 |
| | | The old Cromwell House is demolished and a new one, designed by Robert Philip Pope, is completed by June 1858 | |
|  | Old Cromwell House, Mortlake
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| 1864 |
| | | Pope Pius IX includes socialism, civil marriage and secular education among eighty modern errors listed in his Syllabus | |
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| 1870 |
| | | Pope Pius IX, rapidly losing temporal authority, declares a new dogma – that the pope, when speaking from the throne, is infallible on matters of faith or morals | |
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| 1870 |
| | | As the result of a plebiscite, Rome and the remaining papal states are included in the kingdom of Italy | |
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